This lecture note was prepared from the author's lecture notes in order to help students of Istanbul Technical University, Faculty of Electrical and Electronics, with the EHB 211/EEF211 Electrical Circuit Fundamentals course given in the third semester. Electrical Circuit Fundamentals course has been given by the Department of Circuits and Systems of the Faculty of Electrical and Electronics of ITU since its establishment in 1977.

As someone who worked in the department and had the chance to take lessons from some of them, this book was prepared by benefiting from what I learned from our professors Tarık Ozker, Yılmaz Tokat, Ahmet Dervişoğlu, Cem Göknar, Cevdet Acar, Fuat Anday, Ergül Akçakaya, Vedat Tavşanoğlu, Cüneyt Güzeliş and Acar Savacı.

The subjects explained in this lecture note are also found in detail in the books given in the Resources section. It is recommended that this lecture note be used together with the course web page accessible from the web address https://web.itu.edu.tr/yalcinmust/ehb211.html. It is possible to access electronic versions of presentations related to the course, sample problems, problem solutions and also solved examples on free video sharing platforms that can be used together with the lecture note from the relevant web page. The content of the web page is updated over the years and new electronic materials are added.

I would like to thank Prof. Dr. Serdar Özoğuz for his support in publishing the notes as a book.

I hope that the lecture notes will be useful to students and faculty members.

Müştak E. Yalçın
Contents
Introduction
1.1 Electrical Quantities
1.1.1 Current
1.1.2 Voltage
1.2 Electric Circuit
1.2.1 Distributed and Lumped Parameter Circuits
1.2.2 General Structure of Lumped Parameter Circuits
1.2.3 Mathematical Model of Circuit Elements
1.2.4 Drawing the Circuit Graph and Node Voltages
1.3 Fundamental Axioms of Circuit Theory
1.3.1 Axiom 1 of Circuit Theory
1.3.2 Axiom 2 of Circuit Theory
1.3.3 Axiom 3 of Circuit Theory
1.3.4 "Examples" on Axioms of Circuit Theory
1.4 Tellegen's Theorem
1.5 Applications
Circuit Graph
2.1 Basic Definitions and Theories
2.2 Independent Voltage and Current Equations
2.2.1 Independent Voltage Equations
2.2.2 Basic Loop Equations
2.2.3 Loop Equations Relating to Eyes
2.2.4 Independent Current Equations Written for Nodes
2.2.5 Basic Section Equations
2.2.6 Loop Currents
2.3 Examples
2.4 Applications
Circuit Elements
3.1 Two-Terminal Circuit Elements
3.1.1 Resistance Element
3.1.2 Capacitance Element
3.1.3 Inductance Element
3.1.4 Memristor Element
3.1.5 Diode and Zener Diode
3.1.6 Independent and Dependent Sources
3.2 Two-Port and Multi-Terminal Circuit Elements
3.2.1 Transformer and Gyrator
3.2.2 Multi-Terminal Circuit Elements
3.3 Current and Voltage Functions
3.4 Electrical Power and Energy
3.5 Activity and Passivity
3.6 Applications
Circuit Equations
4.1 Beam Current Method
4.1. 1 Beam Current Method for Circuits Constructed from Independent Sources and Resistances
4.1. 2 Generalized Beam Current Method
4.2 Branch Voltage Method
4.2. 1 Branch Voltage Method for Circuits Constructed from Independent Sources and Resistances
4.2. 2 Generalized Branch Voltage Method
4.3 Node Voltage Method
4.3. 1 Node Voltage Method for Circuits Constructed from Resistances and Independent Current Sources
4.3. 2 Generalized Node Equations Method
4.4 Loop Current Method
4.4. 1 Loop Current Method for Circuits Constructed from Resistances and Independent Voltage Sources
4.4. 2 Generalized Loop Current Method
4.5 Applications
Thevenin-Norton Theorem & Nonlinear Circuits
5.1 Additiveness and Multiplicativeness
5.2 Thevenin Equivalent
5.3 Norton Equivalent
5.4 Nonlinear Algebraic Circuits
5.4.1 DC Analysis
5.4.2 AC Analysis
5.4.3 Examples
5.5 Applications
State Equations
6.1 Integro-differential Equations Related to Circuits
6.2 Obtaining State Equations of RLC Circuits
6.2.1 Obtaining State Equations of RLC and Multi-terminal Circuits
6.2.2 Degenerate Circuits
6.2.3 Writing State Equations Directly
6.3 Solving State Equations
6.3.1 Solutions of First Order State Equations
6.3.2 Homogeneous and Special Formulations of First Order State Equations Solutions
6.3.3 Solution of Second Order State Equations
6.3.4 Finding the Homogeneous Solution
6.3.5 Finding the Particular Solution and Unit Impulse Response
6.4 Applications
References
Index