Examining the social, cultural, and historical characteristics of Karagöz and Orta Oyunu from a musical perspective since the second half of the 19th century, this study uncovers the rich repertoire of traditional theatrical plays in light of original documents. Focusing on the notebooks of musical scores belonging to Muallim İsmail Hakkı Bey, one of the prominent figures of Turkish music, which are preserved in the Ottoman Archives, the work brings these historical records into the world of culture and arts through a comparative analysis with handwritten and printed sources. Examining with technical meticulousness the works that have been waiting in the archives for nearly a century alongside its rich visual content including the facsimiles of the notebooks, the book is a fundamental reference source that demonstrates the unbreakable bond between traditional Turkish theater and music through concrete data.