This work addresses the complex interactions between climatic processes and ecological systems within a systematic and scientific framework. Authored by Dr. Mohsen Abbasnia, Prof. Dr. Hüseyin Toros, and Prof. Dr. Aydın Gulubayov, the study details critical issues in fourteen chapters, starting from the fundamental concepts of ecology and climatology and moving into biodiversity loss, ecosystem resilience, and the global impacts of anthropogenic climate change. Presenting concrete data on arid, forested, and mountainous ecosystems alongside regional case studies such as the Caspian, Mediterranean, and Black Seas, the book serves as a comprehensive academic guide for students, academics, and policymakers seeking to specialize in environmental sciences and sustainability.